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Introducción: la diabetes mellitus en la población geriátrica es una afección crónica muy prevalente, que puede interaccionar o ser causa de producción de diversos síndromes geriátricos. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento clínico epidemiológico de la diabetes mellitus en la tercera edad. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo, del adulto mayor en el policlínico "Isabel Rubio, del Consejo Popular San Diego de los Baños", municipio Los Palacios, durante el período comprendido entre enero y julio de 2011. El universo de estudio quedó conformado por los 198 gerontes dispensarizados como diabéticos en las historias clínicas familiares y la muestra estuvo integrada por 103 adultos mayores, escogidos aleatoriamente. Se aplicó la estadística descriptiva y ji cuadrado. Resultados: prevaleció la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en ancianos de 60 a 69 años del sexo femenino (P>0,05). La combinación de dieta más hipoglucemiante oral resultó el esquema más empleado por los gerontes; el 85,2 % presentaba adherencia al tratamiento. El 39,0 % de los adultos mayores diabéticos tenían un control glicémico ideal. Conclusiones: predominó la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, grupo etáreo de 60 69 años en el género femenino. Más de 2/3 de los ancianos empleaban tratamiento farmacológico, la dieta más hipoglucemiante oral resultó el esquema terapéutico más empleado. La mayoría de los seniles presentaba adherencia a la terapia medicamentosa y más de la » parte de los diabéticos añosos presentaron control metabólico ideal.
Introduction: diabetes mellitus is a chronic and very prevalent disease in geriatric population, which can interact or be a cause of different syndromes in old ages. Objective: to characterize clinical-epidemiological behavior of diabetes mellitus in the elderly. Material and method: a descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted at Isabel Rubio outpatient clinic belonging to the Popular Council of San Diego de los Baños, Los Palacios municipality during January-July 2011. The study included a target group of 198 diabetic old people diagnosed in their family clinical records and the sample was comprised of 103 old people chosen at random. Descriptive statistics and chi square test were applied. Results: diabetes mellitus type 2 prevailed in the elderly from 60 to 69 years old, and in female sex (P>0,05). The combination of diet plus oral hypoglycemic medications was the most used scheme; 85,2% followed the treatment correctly, 39,0% of the elderly had an ideal control of glycemia levels. Conclusions: diabetes mellitus type 2 prevailed in ages from 60 to 69 and in female sex. More than ¾ of the elderly underwent pharmacological treatment, diet plus oral hypoglycemic medications resulted in the most used therapeutic scheme. The majority of the old people followed a medication therapy and more than » of the diabetic old people presented an ideal metabolic control.
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ObjectiveTo study the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on endothelium of great saphenous vein in patients with coronary heart disease.MethodsPatients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were selected, 20 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (experimental group) and another 20 patients without (control group).The rings of great saphenous vein in I cm length were taken from those patients and then divided into 3 segments.The structure of endothelium was evaluated by the microscope and the changes of venous tone were measured in organ chamber at 37C with a constant supply of oxygen.Venous vasoconstriction was induced by phenylephrine (10-5 mol/L) and vasodilatation induced by nitroglycerin or acetylcholine (10-9 ～ 10-5 mol/L).ResultsMore damages of ultrastructure of the endothelium of saphenous vein were found in experimental group than in control group.There were no significant differences regarding the venous tone between the two groups (P ＞0.05) when vasoconstriction induced by phenylephrine and vasodilatation by nitroglycerin.However, the vasodilatation induced by acetylcholine was significantly decreased in experimental group than in control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Type 2 diabetes mellitus can aggravate the damage of endothelium of saphenous vein in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Objective To explore a sensitive method and index to evaluate renal functional reserve (RFR) in patients with early diabetic nephropathy (DN) using protein loading-scintirenography.Methods Fifty subjects were studied and divided into 3 groups.Group one (G1) consisted of 14 healthy volunteers;Group two (G2) consisted of 15 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and normoalbuminuria; Group three (G3) consisted of 21 patients with type 2 DM and microalbuminuria.All subjects underwent baseline and protein loading-99 Tcm-DTPA scintirenography within one week.RFR was calculated as the difference between stimulated and baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR), time of peak ( Tb ), time of half excretion ( C1/2 ), residual rate at 20 min ( C20/b ) .Variance analysis and t-test were used to analyze the group differences.Results ( 1 ) The RFR in terms of GFR had statistical difference between any two groups (t=14.884, 32.180, 16.042, all P＜0.01).After protein-loading, the GFR of G1, G2 and G3 increased 20.1, 10.9 and 2.2 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2 respectively.Therefore, the RFR decreased before microalbuminuria in type 2 DM patients.(2)There was statistical difference between the RFR of G1 and G2 in terms of C1/2 (t = 5.505, P＜0.05 ), and between G1 and G3 ( t = 8.914, P＜0.01 ).(3) There was statistical difference of the RFR in terms of TP between G1 and G3 (t = 5.690, P ＜ 0.01 ).(4) There was statistical difference of the RFR in terms of C20/b between G1 and G3 (t= 4.376, P＜0.05 ).Conclusions 99Tcm-DTPA protein loading-scintirenography is an effective method for measuring RFR to evaluate early DN in type 2 DM patients.
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Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a high-throughput micro-plate radiobinding assay (RBA) of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD-Ab) and to evaluate its clinical application. Methods 35labeled GAD65 antigen was incubated with sera for 24 h on a 96-well plate, and then transferred to the Millipore plate coated with protein A, which was washed with 4℃ PBS buffer, and then counted by a liquid scintillation counter. The GAD-Ab results were expressed by WHO standard unit (U/ml). A total of 224 healthy controls, 162 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) and 210 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were recruited. A total of 119 TI DM and healthy cases with gradually changing GAD-Ab levels were selected to compare the consistency of micro-plate RBA with conventional radioligand assay (RLA). Blood samples were obtained from the peripheral vein and finger tip in 32 healthy controls, 35 T1DM and 24 T2DM patients, and tested with micro-plate RBA and then compared with the conventional RLA to investigate the reliability of finger tip sampling. Linear correlation,student's t-test, variance analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were performed using SPSS 11.5. Results (1) The optimized conditions of micro-plate RBA included 2 μl serum incubated with3 ×104 counts/min 35S-GAD for 24 h under slow vibration, antigen-antibody compounds washed 10 times by 4℃ PBS buffer, and radioactivity counted with Optiphase Supermix scintillation liquid. (2)The intra-batch CV of the micro-plate RBA was 3.8%- 10.2%, and the inter-batch CV was 5.6%- 11.9%. The linearity analysis showed a good correlation when the GAD-Ab in serum samples ranged from 40.3 to 664 U/ml and the detection limit of measurement was 3.6 U/ml. The results from Diabetes Autoantibody Standardization Program (DASP) 2005 showed that the sensitivity and specificity for GAD-Ab were 78% (39 positive among 50 new-onset T1DM) and 98% (2 positive among 100 healthy controls). The results of GAD-Ab obtained with micro-plate RBA and RLA were closely correlated (r=0.915,P<0.001) with a high concordance level of 97.5% and a Kappa value of 0.95. (3)TI DM and T2DM patients showed higher positive rates for GAD-Ab than the healthy controls(46.9% and 5.2% vs 0.89% ,X2=123.5 and 10. 1 ,P <0.001 and <0.01, respectively). (4)The consistency of GAD-Ab measurement with RBA using finger tip blood and RLA measurement using venous blood was 96.7% (r =0.946,P <0.001, Kappa value: 0.905). Conclusions The micro-plate RBA of GAD-Ab has high sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility, and can be measured with finger tip blood sampling. It might be a better alternative for clinical practice.
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11.1mmol/L were treated by 2 weeks CSⅡ.The elements of 2 hours postprandial,insulin,C-peptide, HbAlc,HOMA-?,and HOMA-IR were analyzed and compared before and after treatment,and the control of post- prandial of patients for 2 years was observed.Results The excellent control of FPG and 2h PG in 36 patients were achieved stably in(5.6?0.4)mmol/L and(8.2?1.4)mmol/L below the condition of(13.6?1.5)mmol/L and (20.1?4.0)mmol/L before treatment(P
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0.05);the 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose(2hPG) was significantly lower in insulin aspart 30 injection group than in mixed protamine zinc recombinant human insulin injec- tion one(P
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Objective To analyze the risk of smoking on early diabetic foot patients.Methods One hundred and four early diabetic foot patients were involved in the study.According to cigarette smoking,patients were divided into the smoking group(n=45) and the no-smoking group(n=59).FBG,PBG2h,HbA_1c,TC,TG,HDL,LDL, BUN,Cr,CRP,ABI(ankle-branchial index)were examined.T-test and chi-square test were used to assess the risk of smoking on early diabetic foot patients.Results Compared with the no-smoking group,the smoking group were as- sociated with HDL and CRP.Chi-square-test demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the groups with smoking and no smoking on peripheral vascular disease in early diabetic foot patients.Conclusion Smoking re- mains significantly an independent risk of early diabetic foot patients.
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Objective To systematically compare the effects of integrated Chinese-Western medicine(ICWM) with Western medicine alone(WM) in treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods Both a computer-aided search of PubMed,CNKI,VIP,Wanfang data and an intensive search by hand were conducted to identify all randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of ICWM with WM in treating T2DM and Meta-analysis was performed.Results Ninety six studies were collected,of which 20 studies were involved.Combined OR of efficient rate was 4.26 and its 95% confidence interval(CI) was 3.42-5.32,weighted mean difference(WMD) of fasting blood glucose(FBG),triglyceride and total cholesterol were-1.16 mmol?L-1[95%CI-1.36,-0.96],-0.27 mmol?L-1 [95%CI-0.41,-0.12],-0.71 mmol?L1 [95%CI-0.98,0.44],respectively.Conclusion ICWM has a better effect in treating T2DM compared with WM alone.
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0.05).Conclusion The risk factors of DFL includes BMI,WHR,SBP,DBP,FINS, PINS,TC,TG and HOMA-IR.WHR and TG are the most inportant factors of all.Fatty liver is probably a predia- betic stage,and DFL is probably one of components of metabolic syndrome.
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Objective To investigate the role of homocysteine(Hcy)and homocysteine thiolactone(HcyT)in the development of macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 DM.Methods A total of 160 subjects were recruited in this study:40 healthy controls,120 with type 2 DM.Plasma Hcy levels were measured by Polarization Immunoassay(FPIA),and HcyT concentrations were monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)on a reversephase C18 column with ultraviolet detection.Plasma folic acid and Vitamin B12 levels were measured with radioimmunoassay method.Results Plasma Hcy and HcyT concentrations in type 2 DM patients were significantly higher than healthy controls[Hcy:9.28(7.51～11.82)?mol/L vs 5.64(5.17～8.00)?mol/L,P
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Objective To investigate the plasma visfatin levels and explore the relationship between visfatin and anthropometric parameters,glucose,lipid profile,insulin sensitivity index and insulin secretion index in the subjects with different glucose tolerances.Methods Fifty-three patients with newly diagonosed type 2 diabetes(T2DM),7 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance(IGT)and 35 healthy controls were enrolled.Visfatin levels were measured along with the BMI,blood pressure,lipids,glucose,insulin and HOMA-IR indexes.Results Plasma visfatin levels were elevated in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM compared with IGT group or controls.There was no significant difference in the visfatin levels between IGT group and healthy controls.Plasma visfatin level was positively correlated with glucose levels and HOMA-IR,and negatively correlated with insulin secretion index(HOMA-B).Multiple regression analysis showed that postprandial plasma glucose was independent related factor influencing plasma visfatin levels.In T2DM group,plasma visfatin concentration was positively correlated with HbA1c level.Conclusion The increased plasma visfatin concentration in newly diagnosed and untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus represents a compensatory mechanism aimed at ameliorating the functional consequences of insulin deficiency.
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Objective To evaluate whether high sensitivity C-reactive protein is associated with microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods A total of 321 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited.According to the results of 8 h urine albumin excretion rate,ophthalmoscope examination and nerve conduction velocity test,nephropathy,retinopathy and neuropathy were defined respectively.To evaluate differences of the serum hsCRP levels of those with and without nephropathy,retinopathy and neuropathy.Results Only diabetic nephropathy correlated with the serum hsCRP level.With increment of urine albumin excretion rate,hsCRP level was increased.Pearson correlation analysis indicated that hsCRP correlated positively with urine albumin excretion rate(r=0.448,P=0.002),triglyceride(r=0.385,P=0.008),and body mass index(r=0.261,P=0.004).Stepwise linear regression showed that hsCRP and UAER,TG and BMI existed linear correlation.Conclusion hsCRP is associated with diabetic nephropathy and its level is correlated with the degree of diabetic nephropathy.
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Objective To compare and analyze the metabolic control with the islet B cell function and the diabetic complications after a 3-year treatment in type 2 diabetic patients.Methods The T2DM patients were investigated who finished 3 years of treatment.The following measurements or determination was done:height,weight,waist,hips,blood pressure at standing and lying position,fasting glucose and insulin,glucose and insulin 2 h after taking food,HbA_1c,TC,TG,HDL-C,LDL-C,Cr,albuminuria and retinopathy.Results Totally 233 male and 178 female(56.53?10.33)yrs patients were analysized.The hypotensive,hypoglycemic and lipids agents were increased obviously and the number of the patients with insulin treatment increased too.HbA_1c was decreased,but no significant differences for the blood pressure and blood cholesterol,triglycerides after 3-year treatment.The fasting and post-meal insulin level,insulin resistance and the B-cell function index decreased significantly.Meanwhile,the patients with albuminuria and retinopathy increased from 15% and 26% to 23% and 33%.Conclusion Type 2 diabetic patients have not controlled the blood glucose,lipids and the blood pressure satisfactorily even if the agents for the blood sugar,lipids and blood pressure lowing are increased.Insulin resistance decreases but B cell function failure aggravates.The intensified therapy on the target should be paid more attention to.
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Objective To investigate the levels of serum high sensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) in different stages of diabetic nephropathy and the relationship between hs-CRP and relative metabolic indexes.Methods According to their urinary albumin excretion rate(UAER),164 patients with type2 diabetes mellitus were divided into three groups: 51 patients with normal UAER,59 patients with microalbuminuria and 54 patients with clinical proteinuria.The concentration of hs-CRP,relative clinical biochemical profiles and the body height,weigh,systolic & diastolic blood pressure were measured and analyzed.Correlation analysis was also done between hs-CRP and other relative indexes.Result The levels of hs-CRP were increased with increment of UAER.Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise linear regression indicated that hs-CRP was positive correlated with duration,triglyceride(TG),BMI,MAP,HOMA-IR,fibrinogen(FIB),UAER,serum creatinine(Cr),HbA1C,but negative correlated with high-density lipoprotein(HDL-C) and HOMA-B.The levels of hs-CRP in female were higher than those in male.Conclusion High level of serum hs-CRP concentration maybe a risk factor for the onset of type2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy.
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Objective To approach the correlation between the bone density measured by quantitative CT and the blood sugar level of the aged patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,and observe the effects of the blood sugar level on the bone density.Methods The lumbar bone densities and the blood sugar levels of 160 aged patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (hyperglycemia group 80 cases,euglycemia group 80 cases ) and the healthy aged people (80 cases) were detected by quantitative CT and serum biochemical detection; the correlation between the blood sugar level and the bone density and the osteoporosis occurrence status of aged people in various groups were analyzed.Results The bone density in the non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hyperglycemia group was lower than those in normal(control) group and non-insulin-dependent diabetes and euglycemia group (P
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AIM: To evaluate the pulmonary function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in order to identify whether the lung is a target organ of chronic pathologic changes in diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Pulmonary ventilation function and diffusion capacity were studied in 107 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 61 healthy subjects matched for age and sex. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), urine albumin excretion rate (AER), fundus examination and nerve conduction velocity were included as parameters of glycemic control and diabetic microangiopathies. RESULTS: Pulmonary ventilation function was similar in type 2 diabetic group and the control. Compared with the control, carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) and DLCO corrected by alveolar volume (DLCO/VA) were significantly lower in type 2 diabetic group (P<0.05). DLCO and DLCO/VA were inversely correlated with microangiopathy score (r: -0.291, -0.324, respectively, P<0.01). Furthermore, DLCO/VA was negatively correlated with age and duration of diabetes mellitus (r: -0.269, -0.236, respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary ventilation function is normal in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but their diffusion capacity is impaired. It suggests that the lung may also be the target organ of the chronic pathologic changes of diabetes mellitus.
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Summary: In order to confirm whether the mRNA levels of adiponectin in adipose tissue and mRNA levels of AdipoR1 in the skeletal muscles were correlated with the serum parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism and to clarify the regulation of adiponectin receptor gene expression in diabetic states, serum adiponectin, mRNA levels of adiponectin in adipose tissue and mRNA levels of AdipoR1 in the skeletal muscles were examined in type 2 diabetic rats. The model of type 2 diabetes was prepared by feeding high fat diet and injecting low dosage of streptozotocin (STZ). The diabetic rats were screened out by oral glucose tolerance test. One group of type 2 diabetic rats received rosiglitazone. The serum adiponectin concentration was detected by using ELISA and mRNA levels were examined by RT-PCR. The serum adiponectin levels and mRNA levels of adiponectin in adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic rats were significantly decreased as compared with the normal control rats (P<0.05, P<0.01 respectively). No siglificant changes were observed in the expression of adiponectin receptor 1 in the skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic rats. The mRNA levels of adiponectin in adipose tissue were reversely correlated with serum insulin (r=-0.66, P<0.05), triglyceride (r=-0.58, P<0.05), cholesterol (r=-0.49, P<0.05), interleukin-6 (r=-0.49, P<0.05) and tumor necrosis factor (r=-0.43, P<0.05). The expression of adiponectin receptors was not altered in the skeletal muscle of Type 2 diabetic rats. The decreased serum adiponectin was caused by the decreased expression of adiponectin mRNA in adipose tissue rather than the adiponectin receptors in the skeletal muscle, which could be improved by rosiglitazone.
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Objective To study the relationship between insulin resistance(IR) and dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods Seventy-two patients were divided into fatty liver group and non-fatty liver group.Blood lipid,blood glucose(BG),blood pressure,fasting and 2-hour serum insulin were measured.At the same time,HOMA-IR,body weight index(BMI),the waist hip ratio(WHR) were calculated.the diagnosis of the fatty liver was learned from the check according to an image.Results Compared with the non-fatty liver group,the average levels of TG,LDL-C,FIns,2hIns,HOMA-IR,BMI,WHR,alanine aminotransferase(ALT),?-glutamyl transpeptidase(?-GT),uric acid and diastolic pressure were significantly higher in fatty liver group(P0.05).Conclusion Compared with the non-fatty liver patients,T2DM patients complicated with NAFLD have more serious IR,dyslipidemia and obesity.It indicates that IR has a significant influence on the outbreak of the fatty liver;The NAFLD is probably one of components of metabolic syndrome.
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El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia y las características clínicas de la nefropatía diabética incipiente (NDI) en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) de diagnóstico reciente, negativos en relación con los anticuerpos antislotes pancreáticos (ICA) y la antidescarboxilasa del ácido glutámico (AGAD). Se estudiaron 183 personas con DM2 (ICA y AGAD negativos), atendidas en el Centro de Atención al Diabético, con la evaluación de las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, hábito de fumar, índice de masa corporal (IMC), edad al debut, tipo de tratamiento de la DM, presencia de retinopatía diabética (RD) y la presión arterial, así como la glucemia en ayunas y posprandial. Se determinó ICA, AGAD, hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1), glucemia en ayuna y postprandial 2 horas después del desayuno y del almuerzo, así como excreción urinaria de albúmina (EUA) en orina de 24 horas. No se incluyó a pacientes con ND diabética clínica (EUA ³ 300 mg/L), con nefropatía no diabética, ni con otras causas o condiciones de aumento de EUA. Los sujetos se dividieron en 2 grupos: normoalbuminúricos (EUA £ 20 mg/L) N = 163, y microalbuminúricos (NDI incipiente EUA > 20 a < 300 mg/L) N = 20. La NDI en las personas con DM2 de diagnóstico reciente se observó en el 10,9 por ciento (20/183). Fueron encontradas diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar los normoalbuminúricos con los microalbuminúricos en las edades 52,6 ± 9,9 años vs. 57,5 ± 7,5 años (p < 0,03); en la presión arterial sistólica: 127 ± 19,8 vs. 139,0 ± 22,9 mmHg (p < 0,01) y diastólica: 81,4 ± 11,3 vs 88,0 ± 11,0 mmHg (p< 0,01), así como en el IMC: 27,0 ± 5,0 vs. 32,2 ± 6,4 (p < 0,00001). Se comprobó algún tipo de RD en 26 pacientes (20 normoalbuminúricos y 6 microalbuminúricos). La HbA1 fue más elevada en los microalbuminúricos de 9,4 ± 8,7 por ciento que en los normoalbuminúricos de 7,2 ± 1,5 por ciento (p < 0,002). La NDI puede estar presente en un porcentaje elevado de personas con DM2 de diagnóstico reciente. La edad, los valores de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica aumentados, el incremento del IMC y los valores elevados de HbA1 constituyen los principales factores de riesgo asociados a la NDI. Algunos de ellos pueden ser modificados con una terapéutica adecuada(AU)
The objective of this paper was to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of incipient diabetic nephropathy(IDN) in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus of recent diagnosis negatives for pancreatic islet cell antibodies (ICA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies(AGAD). One-hundred and three persons with DM2 (negative ICA and AGAD), seen at the Diabetic Care Center, were studied and evaluated according to the following variables: age, sex, smoking, body mass index (BMI); age of onset of diabetes, type of DM treatment, presence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and blood pressure as well as glucemia at fasting and postprandial. The study determined ICA, AGAD, glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1), glucemia at fasting and postprandial two hours after breakfast and lunch as well as urinary albumin excretion (UAE) in urine collected for 24 hours. Patients with clinical diabetic nephropathy (UAE ³ 300 mg/L), non-diabetic nephropathy or other causes or conditions leading to increased UAE were excluded. The patients were divided into two groups: normoalbuminuric (UAE £ 20 mg/L) N = 163 and microalbuminuric (incipient DN, UAE >20 a < 300 mg/L) N = 20. IDN in persons recently diagnosed with DM2 was observed in 10,9 percent of cases (20/183). Statistically significant differences were found when comparing normoalbuminurics to microalbuminurics at ages 52,6 ± 9,9 years vs. 57,5 ± 7,5 years (p< 0,03); their systolic: 127 ± 19,8 vs 139,0 ± 22,9 mmHg (p< 0,01) and diastolic blood pressure: 81,4 ± 11,3 vs 88,0 ± 11,0 mmHg (p < 0,01) as well as their BMI: 27,0 ± 5,0 vs 32,2 ± 6,4 (p< 0,00001). It was observed some sort of DR in 26 patients (20 normoalbuminurics and 6 microalbuminurics. HbA1 was higher in microalbuminurics with 9,4± 8,7 percent than in normoalbuminurics with 7,2± 1,5 percent (p < 0,002.) IDN may be present in a high percentage of persons recently diagnosed with DM2. Age, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, the increase of BMI and raised HbA1 values are the main risk factors associated to IDN. Some of them can be changed if an adequate therapy is applied(AU)
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Humans , Glycated Hemoglobin/adverse effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Diabetic Nephropathies/diagnosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, retrospectiva y de corte transversal con el objetivo de identificar las características clínicas de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el municipio de Güines en el año 2002. El universo lo constituyeron 3 017 diabéticos tipo 2 registrados en el citado municipio en el año 2001 y la muestra 328 de estos casos, seleccionados a través de un muestreo complejo (estratificado en la primera etapa y por conglomerados en la segunda). Los resultados se procesaron estadísticamente (Programa SPSS, versión 10). La media de edad fue de 65,2 años. Existió malnutrición por exceso en 221 individuos (67,4 por ciento); 111 eran hipertensos; de ellos solo 32 (28,8 por ciento) estaban controlados. La toma fortuita de tensión arterial realizada durante la investigación detectó cifras normales en solo 45 (49,5 por ciento) personas. De 217 diabéticos no dispensarizados como hipertensos, 63 (29,1 por ciento) tenían cifras elevadas en la citada medición fortuita. Las complicaciones crónicas más frecuentes fueron la polineuropatía periférica, la cardiopatía isquémica y la retinopatía diabética con 85 (25,9 por ciento), 79 (24,1 por ciento) y 78 (23,8 por ciento) respectivamente; El control glucémico fue bueno o aceptable en 175 encuestados (53,0 por ciento) Existió alta frecuencia de diabéticos tipo 2 con descontrol glucémico entre los casos evaluados, así como subregistros en la información obtenida por historias clínicas ambulatorias, sobre todo en relación con complicaciones crónicas e hipertensión arterial(AU)
Retrospective descriptive cross-sectional research study was made to identify the clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus type 2 in the municipality of Güines, Habana province, in the year 2002. The universe of study was made up of 3 017 type 2 diabetics, who had been registered in this municipality in 2001, whereas the sample was composed by 328 cases selected from a complex sampling process (stratified in the first stage and by conglomerates in the second phase). Results were statistically processed (Program SPSS, version 10). Mean age was 65,2 tears. Excessive malnutrition was found 221 individuals (67,4 percent), 111 were reported hypertensive but only 32 (28,8 percent) were under control. The sudden taking of blood pressure during the research detected normal rates in only 45 patients (49,5 percent). Of 217 diabetics who were not classified as hypertensive, 63(29,1 percent) showed raised blood pressure rates. The most frequent chronic complications were peripheral polyneuropathy, ischemic cardiopathy and diabetic retinopathy in 85 (25,9 percent), 79 (24,1 percent) and 78 (23,8 percent) patients respectively. Glucemia control was good or acceptable in 53 percent of the sample(175 surveyed). There was a high frequency of type 2 diabetics with no glucemic control among the evaluated cases and also incomplete registration as to chronic complications and blood hypertension in the information obtained from outpatient medical histories(AU)